Commercial Maritime Law

A vessel owner shall not limit the extent of his liability as stipulated in Article 94 if the claim arises from any of the following causes: 1. Damage caused by an act or omission by the vessel owner or his representative with the intent to cause damage, or by negligence with the knowledge that damage may occur. 2. Obligations arising from assistance, rescue, or contribution to general average losses. 3. Rights of the master, crew members, or any other servant of the vessel owner who is on board the vessel or whose work is related thereto, and the rights of their heirs and successors. 4. Damage resulting from pollution caused by oil or other substances.